The chemical industry is one of the largest industrial sectors in the world and is expected to quadruple by 2060. Governments and industry share the responsibility for ensuring safe chemical production and use. The OECD helps countries develop and implement policies for safeguarding human health and the environment, and in making their systems for managing chemicals as efficient as possible.

Science policy focuses on actions to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public investment in research. Publicly funded research in universities and research institutes plays an essential role in generating the knowledge that supports evidence-based decision making and underpins technological development. There is increasing policy emphasis on “open science” and the mobilisation of public research to address urgent and complex societal challenges.

The space economy encompasses all activities and resources that contribute to human progress through the exploration, research, understanding, management, and utilisation of space. The sector provides critical infrastructure on Earth, contributes fundamental scientific data for decision-making, and supports societal well-being.

Technological innovation is an engine of human well-being and economic activity, but also raises concerns for individuals and society. Governments use a mix of policies targeting specific technologies to steer their responsible development and use. This includes national plans that provide strategic orientation and support measures for research, innovation and diffusion activities. Policies also promote ethical practice through regulations and guidelines.